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He said, "I saw her yesterday."
ª He said that he had seen her the day before.

Today he said, "I saw her yesterday."
ª Today he said that he had seen her yesterday.

ޛۿ ੹׳ زࢎо җѢੋ ҃਋ীח р੽ ചߨਵ۽ ॳ੉ח ޙ
੢੄ दઁо ৔ೱਸ ߉णפ׮. ೞ૑݅ ੢ࣗ ࠗࢎ৬ दр ࠗࢎ
ח ੹߈੸ੋ ݓۅী ٮۄࢲ ߸ച ਬޖо Ѿ੿ؾפ׮. ਤ੄ ৘
ীࢲ ࠁও٠੉, ੹׳ زࢎо җѢۄҊ ೧ب today э਷ ݺഛ
ೠ दр ࠗࢎо ੓ਵݶ, ੹׳غח ޙ੢ ղীࢲ दрਸ աఋղ
ח ࠗࢎח ߹׮ܲ ৔ೱਸ ߉૑ ঋणפ׮.

ޑ୹ ചߨ (represented speech)
঱য ഝزীࢲ ച੗੄ ݈ਸ ੋਊ೧ ੤അೞח ؘח ࣁ о૑ ߑ
ߨ੉ ࢎਊؾפ׮. ୐૩ח ݈ೠ Ѫਸ Ӓ؀۽ ৤ӝח r૒੽ ച
ߨs੉Ҋ, ل૩ח ݈ೠ Ѫਸ ച੗੄ ҙ੼ীࢲ ੹׳ೞח rр੽
ചߨsੑפ׮. ੉ ف ചߨী ؀೧ࢲח ੉޷ খীࢲ ࢓ಝࠁওण
פ׮. ӒܻҊ rޑ୹ ചߨs੉ۄח Ѫ੉ ੓णפ׮. ઱۽ ࣗࢸী
ॳ੉ݴ, ١੢ੋޛ੉ ݈۽ ಴അೞ૑ ঋ਷ ࢤп੉ա х੿ਸ ة
੗ীѱ ੹׳ೡ ٸ ࢎਊغח ചߨੑפ׮. ਃஶ؀ पઁ۽ ١੢
ੋޛ੉ ݈ೞ૑ח ঋ૑݅ ੘о੄ Ӗ۽ ؀߸(representation)ػ
׮ח ੉ਬীࢲ represented speechۄҊ ࠛ݀פ׮.
ژೠ ੘о੄ Ӗਸ ా೧ ച੗੄ ࢤпਸ ੹׳ೞݴ, ച੗੄
ةౠೠ যߨਸ ਬ૑ೞח Ѫب ޑ୹ ചߨ੄ ઱ػ ౠ૚ੑפ׮.
੉۠ ੼ীࢲ ޑ୹ ചߨ਷ r੹׳ زࢎо হח р੽ ചߨs੉ۄ
ೡ ࣻ ੓णפ׮. ٮۄࢲ ޑ୹ ചߨীࢲ ੋடҗ दઁח р੽ ച
ߨ੄ ਊ۹ܳ ٮܵפ׮. ׮਺ ޙ੢ਸ ৘۽ ٜযࠇद׮.

ചߨ 293