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/PUF ҅கഋ ؘ੉ఠ ҙܻ दझమ੉ ೒ۖ ౵ੌ ҙܻ दझమীࢲ ߊѼػ ੌࠗ ઺ࠂ ؘ੉ఠ ޙઁܳ ഥೖೡ ࣻ ੓
૑݅ ৈ੹൤ ઺ࠂ ؘ੉ఠ ޙઁо ߊࢤೡ оמࢿ੉ ੓׮ ৘ܳ ٜয ؀୹ ؘ੉ఠ߬੉झীࢲ ױੌ ؀୹ Ѥী ৈ۞ Ҋё
੉ ޘৈ ੓ਸ ٸ ઺ࠂ ޙઁо ߊࢤೡ ࣻ ੓׮

֎౟ਕ௼ ؘ੉ఠ ҙܻח ࠗݽܳ ৈ۞ ѐ فח Ѫਵ۽ ҅கഋ ؘ੉ఠ߬੉झࠁ׮ ѐࢶػ ߑध੉׮
ژೠ ֢٘ ਬഋ рী ਬബೠ ҙ҅valid relationܳ ੿੄ೞח झః݃ܳ ֎౟ਕ௼ ؘ੉ఠ ҙܻ दझమ
ী ా೤೮׮ ࠗݽ ੗धҗ ׮؀׮ ҙ҅ܳ ಴അೞח ӝמ਷ ೒ۖ ౵ੌҗ ҅கഋ ؘ੉ఠ ҙܻ दझ
మਸ מоೞח ੢੼੉ۄ ೡ ࣻ ੓׮

઺ࠂ ؘ੉ఠ ࠁউ ӝמ ҳഅ੄ য۰਑ ࠺ബਯ੸ੋ Ѩ࢝ ؘ੉ఠ߬੉झী ੽Ӕೞח ೐۽Ӓ۔ ௏
٘ ҙܻ੄ য۰਑ ١ ୡӝ ؘ੉ఠ ҙܻ दझమীח ৈ۞ о૑ ױ੼੉ ੓׮ ؘ੉ఠ߬੉झ ҳઑо

߄Չ ٸ ೐۽Ӓ۔ب ߸҃೧ঠ ೞח ੉ਬח ؘ੉ఠ߬੉झ੄ ֤ܻ ҳઑ৬ ప੉೐ա ٣झ௼ী ޛܻ
੸ਵ۽ ؘ੉ఠо ੷੢غח ߑध੉ ة݀੸੉૑ ޅೞӝ ٸޙ੉׮ ׮਺ ੺ীࢲ ঌѱ غѷ૑݅ ؘ੉
ఠ߬੉झ੄ ֤ܻ ҳࢿҗ ޛܻ ҳࢿী ؀ೠ ҳઑ੸ੋ ة݀ࢿ਷ ؘ੉ఠ ҙܻীࢲ ҙ҅ഋ ؘ੉ఠ߬
੉झ ҙܻ दझమ੉ оઉৡ ઱ਃ ѐࢶ੼ ઺ ೞա׮

1.3 ҙ҅ഋ ؘ੉ఠ߬੉झ੄ ഄݺ N O S Q L

֎౟ਕ௼৬ ҅கഋ ؘ੉ఠ ҙܻ दझమ੉ ೒ۖ ౵ੌ ؘ੉ఠ ҙܻ दझమࠁ׮ ѐࢶغ঻૑݅ ੉ח

ী٘Ѣ ழ٘E F Coddо ؘ੉ఠ ҙܻ ӝࣿਸ ә߸दఅ ࢜۽਍ ਬഋ੄ ؘ੉ఠ߬੉झ ࢸ҅ী ҙೠ
֤ޙਸ ߊ಴ೠ 1970֙ ੉റ੄ ੌ੉׮ ੉੹੄ ؘ੉ఠ ҙܻ ݽ؛ਸ ֈযࢲࢲ ૓ੌࠁೠ ҙ҅ഋ ؘ
੉ఠ߬੉झח ࢸ҅ ஏݶীࢲ ઺ਃೠ ౠ૚੉ ݆׮ ҙ҅ഋ ؘ੉ఠ߬੉झח ؘ੉ఠ৬ ؘ੉ఠ р੄
ҙ҅ܳ ޑࢎೞӝ ਤ೧ ҙ҅ഋ ؀ࣻ೟ਸ ࢎਊೞח ഋध ࣻ೟ ݽ؛ী ӝ߈ਸ فҊ ੓׮ ҙ҅ഋ ؘ

੉ఠ߬੉झח ؘ੉ఠ ҳઑ੄ ֤ܻ ҳࢿਸ ޛܻ੸ੋ ੷੢ ҳઑ৬ ܻ࠙೮׮ ழ٘৬ ׮ܲ ࢸ҅੗ٜ
਷ ؘ੉ఠ ੉࢚അ࢚ ઺ীࢲ ؘ੉ఠ ࠺ੌҙࢿ э਷ ਬഋ੄ ޙઁо ߊࢤೡ оמࢿਸ ઁѢೠ ҙ҅ഋ
ؘ੉ఠ߬੉झܳ ࢸ҅ೞӝ ਤ೧ ݻ о૑ ӏ஗ਸ ѐߊ೮׮

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